# Motion Clouds

MotionClouds are random dynamic stimuli optimized to study motion perception.

In particular, these stimuli can be made closer to naturalistic textures compared to usual stimuli such as gratings and random-dot kinetograms. These have controlled information content: We simplified the definition to parametrically define these "Motion Clouds" around the most prevalent feature axis (mean and bandwith): direction, scale (spatial frequency), orientation. These scripts implement a framework to generate these random texture movies.

The description of this method was published in:

and recently in

While this method was used in the following paper:

• Claudio Simoncini, Laurent U. Perrinet, Anna Montagnini, Pascal Mamassian, Guillaume S. Masson. More is not always better: dissociation between perception and action explained by adaptive gain control. Nature Neuroscience, 2012 URL

This work was supported by ANR project "ANR Speed" ANR-13-BSHS2-0006.

This work was supported by the European Union project Number FP7-269921, BrainScaleS'' (Brain-inspired multiscale computation in neuromorphic hybrid systems), an EU FET-Proactive FP7 funded research project. The project started on 1 January 2011. It is a collaboration of 18 research groups from 10 European countries.

### Code example - demo

Motion Clouds are built using a collection of scripts that provides a simple way of generating complex stimuli suitable for neuroscience and psychophysics experiments. It is meant to be an open-source package that can be combined with other packages such as PsychoPy or NeuroTools.

All functions are implemented in one main script called MotionClouds.py that handles the Fourier cube, the envelope functions as well as the random phase generation and all Fourier related processing. Additionally, all the auxiliary visualization tools to plot the spectra and the movies are included. Specific scripts such as test_color.py, test_speed.py, test_radial.py and test_orientation.py explore the role of different parameters for each individual envelope (respectively color, speed, radial frequency, orientation). Our aim is to keep the code as simple as possible in order to be comprehensible and flexible. To sum up, when we build a custom Motion Cloud there are 3 simple steps to follow:

1. set the MC parameters and construct the Fourier envelope, then visualize it as iso-surfaces:
import MotionClouds as mc
import numpy as np
# define Fourier domain
fx, fy, ft = mc.get_grids(mc.N_X, mc.N_Y, mc.N_frame)
# define an envelope
envelope = mc.envelope_gabor(fx, fy, ft,
V_X=1., V_Y=0., B_V=.1,
sf_0=.15, B_sf=.1,
theta=0., B_theta=np.pi/8, alpha=1.)
# Visualize the Fourier Spectrum
mc.visualize(envelope)

1. perform the IFFT and contrast normalization; visualize the stimulus as a 'cube' visualization of the image sequence,
movie = mc.random_cloud(envelope)
movie = mc.rectif(movie)
# Visualize the Stimulus
mc.cube(movie, name=name + '_cube')

1. export the stimulus as a movie (.mpeg format available), as separate frames (.bmp and .png formats available) in a compressed zipped folder, or as a Matlab matrix (.mat format).
mc.anim_save(movie, name, display=False, vext='.mpeg')


If some parameters are not given, they are set to default values corresponding to a ''standard'' Motion Cloud. Moreover, the user can easily explore a range of different Motion Clouds simply by setting an array of values for a determined parameter. Here, for example, we generate 8 MCs with increasing spatial frequency sf_0 while keeping the other parameters fixed to default values:

for sf_0 in [0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6]:
name_ = 'figures/' + name + '-sf_0-' + str(sf_0).replace('.', '_')
# function performing plots for a given set of parameters
mc.figures_MC(fx, fy, ft, name_, sf_0=sf_0)